I'm not sure I understand what Part A is asking:
Are the years spent studying for the actuary exams the most productive use of time? (The exams may be more useful for a business career than liberal arts college courses; are they the most efficient way to teach the needed information?)
Do you mean MOST productive, as compared with all other uses for time? Clearly, they aren't a productive use of time for people without the ability or inclination to become actuaries. For those that could become actuaries, they could probably learn the necessary information more effectively other ways, but without the exams they can't work anyway. Are we just supposed to talk about signalling here (i.e. even if you don't learn anything by studying, it still signals to potential employers that you are smart/hard working enough)?
[NEAS: The last sentence of the first paragraph is correct, not the first sentence. Apply Landsburg's concept of signaling to actuarial exams. As the homework says, there is no correct answer here. The exams combine work skills with signaling, and it is hard to determine how much is each part.]