Corporate Finance, Module 10, "Positive Net Present Values"

(The attached PDF file has better formatting.)

Updated: November 19, 2007

The page numbers here are for the ninth edition of Brealey and Myers. You may also use the seventh or eighth editions of this text. The page numbers for the seventh and eighth editions are in separate postings.

{The Brealey and Myers textbook is excellent. We say to read certain sections and to skip others. This does not mean that certain sections are better; it means that the homework assignments and exam problems are based on the sections that you must read for this course. Some of the skipped sections are fascinating, but they are not tested.}

Module 10 reviews some financial items often overlooked by budding entrepreneurs. One sometimes hears that a business will succeed if it meets an unfilled demand, so entrepreneurs should concentrate on finding these unfilled demands. At some business schools, this is a mantra: students are trained to find these unfilled demands.

This perspective considers only the demand side; it ignores the supply side. Brealey and Myers say: "Look first to market values." Not only must there be an unfilled demand, but you must have some advantage over potential competitors in filling the demand.

Illustration: Suppose an actuary vacations one summer at a new resort. There are no insurance agents in the new resort, and the actuary tells his company that they should build an agency there and market their products. But the actuary has considered only the demand side, not the supply side. If the resort is in an area where the company does not now sell insurance, its peer companies can probably provide insurance more cheaply. The company may have a slight advantage if it gets its agent first into the area, but it is at a disadvantage in keeping profitable business from moving to competitors who can service the town more cheaply. The market is not always right. But unless you have an advantage over your potential competitors, be wary.

Jacob: The business sections of Time and Newsweek give examples of entrepreneurs who find unfilled demands and make high profits by filling them.

Rachel: Brealey and Myers would say that the perspective is only half right. To succeed, a firm must fill a consumer demand. But unless it has a competitive advantage it won’t make money. For every entrepreneur who finds an unfilled demand and makes high profits, there are half a dozen entrepreneurs who find unfilled demands and go broke.

Jacob: You make it sound as though one needs special training that others don’t have to succeed. But entrepreneurs don’t need PhD’s to succeed. Many PhD’s are poor, and many successful entrepreneurs don’t even have college degrees.

Rachel: Most graduate programs don’t teach useful business skills. They train students to write theses; this may be useful to future authors, but it is useless for business.

Read sections 12.1, 12.2, and 12.3. These are all stories and examples. Brealey and Myers build the theory from the examples, which are quite good. The final exam gives scenarios and asks about financing and production decisions.

You can skip the Warren Buffett sidebar on page 318. It’s fun to read, but nothing on the final exam tests this page. Read the summary on page 319. You can skip the mini-case on Ecsy-Cola on pages 325-326.